Cyber-Bullying

By Author – Faizan Haider

Cyberbullying or Cyber harassment is a form of bullying or harassment using electronic means. It has become increasingly common, especially among teenagers. Harmful bullying behavior can include posting rumors, threats, sexual remarks, a victims’ personal information, or pejorative labels (i.e., hate speech). Bullying or harassment can be identified by repeated behavior and an intent to harm. Victims may have lower self-esteem, increased suicidal ideation, and a variety of emotional responses, including being scared, frustrated, angry, and depressed. Cyberbullying may be more harmful than traditional bullying.

Internet trolling is a common form of bullying over the Internet in an online community (such as in online gaming or social media) in order to elicit a reaction, disruption, or for someone’s own personal amusement. Cyberstalking is another form of bullying or harassment that uses electronic communications to stalk a victim; this may pose a credible threat to the victim.

Not all negative interaction online or on social media can be attributed to cyberbullying. Research suggests that there are also interactions online that result in pressure, which can have a negative, positive, or neutral impact on those involved.

Cyberbullying is often similar to traditional bullying, with some notable distinctions. Victims of cyberbullying may not know the identity of their bully, or why the bully is targeting them. The harassment can have wide-reaching effects on the victim, as the content used to harass the victim can be spread and shared easily among many people and often remains accessible long after the initial incident.

Trolling:

Internet trolls intentionally try to provoke or offend others in order to elicit a reaction. Trolls and cyberbullies do not always have the same goals: while some trolls engage in cyberbullying, others may be engaged in comparatively harmless mischief. A troll may be disrupted either for their own amusement or because they are genuinely a combative person.

Effects of cyberbullying:

• Feel overwhelmed: It can feel at times like the entire world knows what it is going on. Sometimes the stress of dealing with cyber-bullying can cause kids to feel like the situation is more than they can handle.
• Feel powerless: Victims of cyberbullying often find it difficult to feel safe. Typically, this is because the bullying can invade their home through a computer or cell phone at any time of day. They no longer have a place where they can escape. To a victim, it feels like the bullying is everywhere.
• Feel expose and humiliated: cyberbullying occurs in cyberspace, online bullying feels permanent. Kids know that once something is out there, it will always be out there. When cyberbullying occurs, the nasty posts, messages or texts can be shared with multitudes of people. The sheer volume of people that know about the bullying can lead to intense feelings of humiliation.
• Feel suicidal: Cyberbullying increases the risk of suicide. Kids that are constantly tormented by peers through text messages, instant messaging, social media, and other outlets, often begin to feel hopeless. They may even begin to feel like the only way to escape the pain is through suicide. As a result, they may fantasize about ending their life in order to escape their tormentors. If your child is being cyberbullied, do not dismiss their feelings. Be sure you communicate daily, take steps to help end the torment and keep close tabs on changes in mood and behavior. Get your child evaluated by a healthcare professional if notice any personality changes at all.

There are two kinds of Cyber Bullying:

1. Direct Attacks: messages sent directly to the victim.

• Instant Messaging
• Text Messaging
• Blogs
• Websites
• Emailing Pictures
• Stealing Passwords
• Internet Polling- Hot or Not!
• Hacking or sending spyware

2. Proxy: Using someone else to cyber bully a victim, this proxy may know they are cyberbullying and they may not.

• Someone else does the dirty work for the main cyber bully.
• Bullies may hack into the victim’s account or steal their password. They may set up a new account pretending to be the victim.
• Friends get angry with the victim.
• This form of cyberbullying is very dangerous because many people are involved, not just the bully and the victim.

Bullying V/S Cyber Bullying

1. Bullying:

• Direct,
• Physical: Hitting, Punching & Shoving.
• Verbal: Teasing, Name calling & Gossip.
• Non-verbal: Use of gestures & Exclusion.

2. Cyber Bullying:

• ANONYMOUS.
• Harassing text messages or emails.
• Spreading rumours on social networks.
• Emotional reactions cannot be determined.

Why anyone does children Cyber Bullying?

• Anger
• Frustration
• Revenge
• Entertainment
• To get Laughs or Reactions
• Power Hungry
• Because all motives for bullying are different so are the solutions and responses.

Consequences of Cyber Bullying:

• Anxiety
• Depression
• Stress-Related Disorders
• Suicide
• Withdrawal from Friends and Activities
• Changes in mood, behavior and appetite
• Emotional Distress during and after using technology

CONCLUSION:

The research we had collected had made us think about what we can do to stop bullying in schools and in the areas. People, mainly teenagers, have trouble with cyber-bullying and find it hard to communicate with others about the problem they are facing. We decided that this needed to be stopped. People are getting hurt and lives are being lost, they are also suffering long-term effects such as depression and anxiety. It is more common for girls to be cyber-bullied then it is in guys and it is more common that girls cyber-bully more than boys.

To help this problem we have decided to either make the bullies informed about what they are doing by setting up a website that people can upload their screenshots of a cyber-bully so we can trace the culprit and make that person stop, the downside is that people can get more hate by this.

OR

Create a website that famous people for being supportive to one another and for bullies themselves to read and get the idea that it makes peoples lives better. Same steps as the Informing bullies but the only screenshot those who are supporting others, whether in a game or on social networking.

Introduction to AUTOMATION SYSTEM:

By Author – Faizan Haider

Automation can be defined as the technology by which a process or procedure is performed without human assistance.

Today the development of technologies made it possible to introduce industry automation systems into almost all manufacturing fields. Industry automation of production processes enhances labor efficiency and allows cutting net cost and improving product quality improved production control.

Automation or automatic control is the use of various control system of operating equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers, and heat treating ovens, switching on telephone networks, steering, and stabilization of ships, aircraft and other applications and vehicles with minimal or reduced human intervention. Some processes have been completely automated.

Automation has been achieved by various means including mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, electronic devices and computers, usually in combination. Complicated systems, such as modern factories, airplanes, and ships typically use all these combined techniques. The benefit of automation includes labor savings, savings in electricity cost, savings in material costs, and improvements in quality, accuracy, and precision.

Importance of Industrial Automation and Control Systems:

It is the use of control in terms of computers, machinery, and robots that have replaced human work in a manufacturing or production industry. It is the biggest platform of civilization turning into seedy results as a scope of industrialization.

OFFICE AUTOMATION:

Office automation refers to the varied computer machinery and software used to digitally create, collect, store, manipulate, and relay office information needed for accomplishing basic tasks.

PURPOSE OF AUTOMATION-

Sometimes our purpose in automating is to do the “impossible” that is, to make a qualitative leap, a discontinuous improvement in the quality attributes of a process. In either case, the purpose of automation is, always and entirely, to improve the quality attributes of a process.

AUTOMATION TESTING:

Automated testing tools are capable of executing tests, reporting outcomes and comparing results with earlier test runs. Tests carried out with these tools can be run repeatedly, at any time of day. The method or process being used to implement automation is called a test automation framework.

BENEFITS OF AUTOMATION:

• Increased throughput or productivity
• Improved quality or increased predictability of quality
• Improved robustness (consistency), or processes or product
• Increased consistency of output
• Reduced direct human labor costs and expenses

AUTOMATION TOOLS

• Telerik Test Studio is a comprehensive and one of the most intuitive automation testing tools available.
• Selenium
• Robotium
• Test Complete
• Water
• Visual Studio Test Professional
• QTP (UFT)
• SoapUI

AUTOMATION IN SOFTWARE INDUSTRY

Software Companies are using software robots to automate recurring manual IT tasks and to manage applications and deliver back office services.

AUTOMATION ANYWHERE

Automation Anywhere is a developer of the robotic process automation (RPA) software. Automation Anywhere Enterprise combines traditional RPA with cognitive elements such as natural language processing and reading unstructured data.

NEED OF AUTOMATION

Automation brings in necessary agility to testing and helps it to respond faster and more effectively to changes. Agility requires frequent code deployments, which can also be automated.

AUTOMATION IN COMPUTER

The technique of operating or controlling a process by highly automatic means, as by electronic devices, reduces human intervention to a minimum.

A mechanical device operated electronically, that functions automatically, without continuous input from an operator.

ROBOTICS AUTOMATION

Robotic process automation (RPA) is the application of technology that allows employees in a company to configure computer software or a robot to capture and interpret existing applications for processing a transaction, manipulating data, triggering responses and communicating with other digital systems.

AUTOMATION IN MUSIC PRODUCTION

Automation allows the console to remember the audio engineer’s adjustment of faders during the post-production editing process.

AUTOMATION IN ACCOUNTING

An accounting information system is a system for collecting, storing and processing financial and accounting data that are used by decision makers. An accounting information system is generally a computer-based method for tracking accounting activity in conjunction with information technology resources.

ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATION:

Automation in the manufacturing industry is the process of integrating industrial machinery to automatically perform tasks such as welding, material handling, packing, palletizing, dispensing, cutting, etc… Utilizing hardware and software automation increases productivity, safety and profitability.

THE MAIN ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATION ARE:

• Increased throughput or productivity.
• Improved quality or increased predictability of quality.
• Improved robustness (consistency), or processes or product.
• Increased consistency of output.
• Reduced direct human labor costs and expenses.
• Installation in operations reduces cycle time.
• Can complete tasks where a high degree of accuracy is required.
• Replaces human operators in tasks that involve hard physical or monotonous work.
• Replaces humans in tasks done in dangerous environments (i.e. fire, space, volcanoes, nuclear facilities, underwater, etc.)
• Performs tasks that are beyond human capabilities of size, weight, speed, endurance, etc.
• Reduces operation time and work handling time significantly.
• Frees up workers to take on other roles.
• Provides higher level jobs in the development, deployment, maintenance and running of the automated processes.

DISADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATION:

• Possible security threats/vulnerability due to increased relative susceptibility for committing errors.
• Unpredictable or excessive development costs.
• High initial cost.
• Displaces workers due to job replacement.
• Leads to further environmental damage and could compound climate change.

TYPES OF TEST AUTOMATION FRAMEWORKS:

• Linear Scripting Framework
• Modular Testing Framework
• Data Driven Testing Framework
• Keyword Driven Testing Framework
• Hybrid Testing Framework
• Behavior Driven Development Framework

COGNITIVE AUTOMATION:

Cognitive automation is an emerging genus of automation enabled by cognitive computing. Its primary concern is the automation of clerical tasks and workflows that consist of structuring unstructured data.

Cognitive automation relies on multiple disciplines: natural language processing, real-time computing, machine learning algorithms, big data analytics and evidence-based learning. According to Deloitte, Cognitive automation enables the replication of human tasks and judgment at rapid speeds and considerable scale.

• Such tasks include:
• Document redaction
• Data extraction and document synthesis/reporting
• Contract management
• Natural language search
• Customer, employee, and stakeholder onboarding
• Manual activities and verifications

Reference – Jain Software

ROBOTICS

By Author – Faizan Haider

Robotics is a branch of engineering and science that includes mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer science, and others. Robotics deals with the design, construction, operation, and use of robots, as well as the computer system for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing.

Robotics is a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture, and operation of robots. This field overlaps with electronics, computer science, artificial intelligence, mechatronics, nanotechnology, and bioengineering.

These technologies are used to develop machines that can substitute for humans and replicate human actions. Robots can be used in any situation and for any purpose, but today many are used in dangerous environments (including bomb detection and de-activation), manufacturing processes, or where humans cannot survive. Robots can take on any form but some are made to resemble humans in appearance. This is said to help in the acceptance of a robot in certain replicative behaviors usually performed by people. Such robots attempt to replicate walking, lifting, speech, cognition, and basically anything a human can do. Many of today’s robots are inspired by nature, contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics.

Uses of Robotics –

This kind of job is better done by robots than by humans. Most robots today are used to do repetitive actions or jobs considered too dangerous for humans. A robot is ideal for going into a building that has a possible bomb. Are robots also used in factories to build things like cars, candy bars, and electronics?

How Robotics Works –

A robot needs a power source to drive these actuators. Most robots either have a battery or they plug into the wall. Hydraulic robots also need a pump to pressurize the hydraulic fluid, and pneumatic robots need an air compressor or compressed air tanks.

The actuators are all wired to an electrical circuit. The circuit powers electrical motors and solenoids directly, and it activates the hydraulic system by manipulating electrical valves. The valves determine the pressurized fluid’s path through the machine. To move a hydraulic leg, for example, the robot’s controller would open the valve leading from the fluid pump to a piston cylinder attached to that leg. The pressurized fluid would extend the piston, swiveling the leg forward. Typically, in order to move their segments in two directions, robots use pistons that can push both ways.

The robot’s computer controls everything attached to the circuit. To move the robot, the computer switches on all the necessary motors and valves. Most robots are reprogrammable to change the robot’s behavior, you simply write a new program to its computer.

Not all robots have sensory systems, and few have the ability to see, hear, smell or taste. The most common robotic sense is the sense of movement — the robot’s ability to monitor its own motion. A standard design uses slotted wheels attached to the robot’s joints. An LED on one side of the wheel shines a beam of light through the slots to a light sensor on the other side of the wheel. When the robot moves a particular joint, the slotted wheel turns. The slots break the light beam as the wheel spins. The light sensor reads the pattern of the flashing light and transmits the data to the computer. The computer can tell exactly how far the joint has swiveled based on this pattern. This is the same basic system used in computer mice.

These are the basic nuts and bolts of robotics. Roboticists can combine these elements in an infinite number of ways to create robots of unlimited complexity. In the next section, we’ll look at one of the most popular designs, the robotic arm.

Purpose of Robotics –

Dirty tasks may include welding, grinding, molding, and casting. When robots are used to perform these tasks, it enables human workers to partake in more meaningful and creative pursuits. Robots are reliable workers. The robot can perform this task all day, every day without getting bored.

The function of Robotics –

A typical robot has a movable physical structure, a motor of some sort, a sensor system, a power supply and a computer “brain” that controls all of these elements. Essentially, robots are man-made versions of animal life — they are machines that replicate the human and animal behavior.

Parts of Robots –

The controller is the “brain” of the industrial robotic arm and allows the parts of the robot to operate together. It works as a computer and allows the robot to also be connected to other systems.

Uses of Sensor in Robotics –

Sensors are used to measure physical quantities such as temperature, light, pressure, sound, and humidity. They send signals to the processor. For example, A security alarm system may have an infrared sensor which sends a signal when the beam is broken.

ADVANTAGES OF USING ROBOTS:

The benefits of robots have increased their flexibility with being capable of performing a variety of tasks and applications. They are more precise and consistent than human workers. In the medical field, robots are used for intricate surgeries such as prostate cancer surgery.

References – Jain software

Paper Battery

Let us first know what is a Paper battery?

A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon nanotube s with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and supercapacitor, combining two components that are separate in traditional electronics. This combination allows the battery to provide both long-term, steady power production and bursts of energy.In addition to being unusually thin, paper batteries are flexible and environmentally-friendly, allowing integration into a wide range of products. Their functioning is similar to conventional chemical batteries with the important difference that they are non-corrosive and do not require extensive housing.

How does Paper Battery work?

The conventional rechargeable batteries which we use in our day-to-day life consist of various separating components which are used for producing electrons with the chemical reaction of a metal and electrolyte. If once the paper of the battery is dipped in ion-based liquid, then the battery starts working i.e.,electricity is generated?by the movement of electrons from cathode terminal to anode terminal. This is due to the chemical reaction between the electrodes of paper battery and liquid. Due to the quick flow of the ions within a few seconds (10sec) energy will be stored in the paper-electrode during the recharging. By stacking various paper-batteries up on each other, the output of the paper battery can be increased.As the paper batteries are connected each other very closely for increasing their output, there is a chance of occurring short between the?anode terminal and cathode terminal. If once the anode terminal contacts with cathode terminal, then there will be no flow of current in the external circuit. Thus, to avoid the short circuit between anode and cathode a barrier or separator is needed, which can be fulfilled by the paper separator.

“Technology is driving the innovation. Technology is driving the creativity”

What are Paper Battery Properties?

The properties of the paper battery can be recognized from the properties of cellulose such as :-

• excellent porosity
• biodegradability
• non-toxic
• recyclability
• high-tensile strength
• good absorption capacity
• low-shear strength

also from the properties of carbon nanotubes such as low mass density, flexibility, high packing density, lightness, better electrical conductivity than silicon, thin (around 0.5 to 0.7mm), and low resistance.

Paper Battery Manufacturing:-

One method is to grow the nanotubes on a silicon substrate and then filling the gaps in the matrix with cellulose. When the matrix is dried, the material can be removed the substrate. Combining the sheets together with the cellulose sides facing inwards, the battery structure is formed. The electrolyte is added to the structure.

“Technology will not replace great teachers but technology in the hands of great teachers can be transformational”

Applications of Paper Batteries:

With the developing technologies and reduction in the cost of cathode nanotubes, these batteries find applications in the following fields:

• Nanotubes used for Paper Battery

Paper Battery= Paper (Cellulose) + Carbon Nanotubes

The paper battery can be used for various applications as it facilitates advantages such as folding, twisting, molding, crumpling, shaping, and cutting without affecting on its efficiency. As the paper batteries are the combination of cellulose paper and carbon nanotubes, which facilitates advantages of long-term usage, steady power, and bursts of energy. These types of paper batteries are estimated to use for powering the next generation vehicles and medical devices.

• Paper batteries in electronics

Paper batteries are used mainly in many electronic devices, such as mobile phones, laptop batteries, calculators, digital cameras and also in wireless communication devices like mouse, Bluetooth, keyboard, speakers, and headsets.

• Paper batteries in medical sciences

Paper batteries are used in the medical field such as for making pacemakers for the heart, artificial tissues, drug delivery systems, cosmetics and in Biosensors.

• Paper batteries in automobiles and aircraft

Paper batteries are used in automobiles and aircraft such as in lightweight, guided missiles, hybrid car batteries, long air flights and in satellite programs for powering electronic devices.

This is all about the paper battery with its working principles and applications.

These batteries have the potential adaptability to power the next generation electronic appliances, medical devices and hybrid vehicles. So, these batteries could solve all the problems associated with conventional electrical energy storage devices. Furthermore, for any queries, regarding this article or any other?electrical projects, you can leave your comments, suggestions by commenting in the comment section below.

• Electrochemical Batteries

Electrochemical batteries can be modified to integrate the use of paper. An electrochemical battery typically uses two metals, separated into two chambers and connected by a bridge or a membrane which permits the exchange of electrons between the two metals, thereby producing energy. Paper can be integrated into electrochemical batteries by depositing the electrode onto the paper and by using paper to contain the fluid used to activate the battery. The paper that has been patterned can also be used in electrochemical batteries. This is done to make the battery more compatible with paper electronics. These batteries tend to produce low voltage and operate for short periods of time, but they can be connected in series to increase their output and capacity. Paper batteries of this type can be activated with bodily fluids which makes them very useful in the healthcare field such as single-use medical devices or tests for specific diseases. A battery of this type has been developed with a longer life to power?point of care?devices for the healthcare industry. The device used a paper battery made using a magnesium foil anode and a silver cathode has been used to detect diseases in patients such as kidney cancer, liver cancer, and osteoblastic bone cancer. The paper was patterned using wax printing and is able to be easily disposed of. Furthermore, this battery was developed at a low cost and has other practical application.

• Lithium-ion Batteries

Paper can be used in lithium-ion batteries as regular, commercial paper, or paper enhanced with single-walled carbon nanotubes. The enhanced paper is used as the electrode and as the separator which results in a sturdy, flexible battery that has great performance capabilities such as good?cycling, great efficiency, and good reversibility. Using paper as a separator is more effective than using plastic. The process of enhancing the paper, however, can be complicated and costly, depending on the materials used. A carbon nanotube and silver nanowire film can be used to coat regular paper to create a simpler and less expensive separator and battery support. The conductive paper can also be used to replace traditionally used metallic chemicals. The resulting battery performs well while simplifying the manufacturing process and reducing the cost. Lithium-ion paper batteries are flexible, durable, rechargeable, and produce significantly more power than electrochemical batteries. In spite of these advantages, there are still some drawbacks. In order for the paper to be integrated with the Li-ion battery, complex layering and insulating techniques are required for the battery to function as desired. One reason these complex techniques are used is to strengthen the paper used so that it does not tear as easily. This contributes to the overall strength and flexibility of the battery. These techniques require time, training, and costly materials. Additionally, the individual materials required are not environmentally friendly and require specific disposal procedures. Paper lithium-ion batteries would be best suited for applications requiring a substantial amount of energy over an extended period of time. Lithium-ion paper batteries can be composed of carbon nanotubes and a cellulose-based membrane and produce good results but at a high price tag. Other researchers have been successful using carbon paper manufactured from pyrolyzed filter paper. The paper is inserted in between the electrode and cathode.The use of a carbon paper as an interlayer in Li-S batteries improves the batteries efficiency and capacity. The carbon paper increases the contact area between the cathode and the electrode which allows for greater flow of electrons. The pores in the paper allow the electrons to travel easily while preventing the anode and the cathode from being in contact with one another. This translates into the greater output, battery capacity and cycle stability; these are improvements to conventional Li-S batteries. The carbon paper is made from?pyrolyzed?filter paper which is inexpensive to make and performs like multi-walled carbon nanotube paper used as a battery.

• Biofuel Cells

Biofuel cells operate similarly to electrochemical batteries, except that they utilize components such as sugar, ethanol, pyruvate, and lactate, instead of metals to facilitate redox reactions to produce electrical energy. The enhanced paper is used to contain and separate the positive and negative components of the biofuel cell. This paper biofuel cell started up much more quickly than a conventional biofuel cell since the porous paper was able to absorb the positive biofuel and promote the attachment of bacteria to the positive biofuel. This battery capable of producing a significant amount of power after being activated by a wide range of liquids and then be disposed of. Some development must take place since some components are toxic and expensive.

Naturally occurring electrolytes might allow?biocompatible?batteries for use on or within living bodies. ?Paper batteries described by a researcher as a way to power a small device such as a pacemaker without introducing any harsh chemicals such as the kind that is typically found in batteries in the body.

Their ability to use electrolytes in the blood makes them potentially useful for medical devices such as?pacemakers,?medical diagnostic?equipment, and drug delivery?transdermal patches. German healthcare company KSW Microtech is using the material to power?blood?supply temperature monitoring.

• Supercapacitors

Paper battery technology can be used in?supercapacitors. Supercapacitors operate and are manufactured similarly to electrochemical batteries, but are generally capable of greater performance and are able to be recharged. Paper or enhanced paper can be used to develop thin, flexible supercapacitors that are lightweight less expensive. The paper that has been enhanced with carbon nanotubes is generally preferred over regular paper because it has increased strength and allows for easier transfer of electrons between the two metals. The electrolyte and the electrode are embedded into the paper which produces a flexible paper supercapacitor that can compete with some commercial supercapacitors produced today. A paper supercapacitor would be well suited for a high power application.

• Nanogenerators

Nanogenerators are a more recent device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. Paper is desirable as a component of nanogenerators for the same reasons discussed above. Such devices are able to capture movement, such as body movement, and convert that energy into electrical energy that could power LED lights, for example.

“When you take technology and mix it with art, you always come up with something innovative”

Advantages of Paper Battery:-?

The composition of these batteries is what sets them apart from traditional batteries.

• Paper is abundant and self-sustaining, which makes paper cheap. Disposing of paper is also inexpensive since paper is combustible as well as biodegradable.
• Using paper gives the battery a great degree of flexibility.
• The battery can be bent or wrapped around objects instead of requiring a fixed casing.
• Being a thin, flat sheet, the paper battery can easily fit into tight places, reducing the size and weight of the device it powers.
• The use of paper increases the electron flow which is well suited for high-performance applications. Paper allows for capillary action so fluids in batteries, such as electrolytes, can be moved without the use of an external pump.
• Using paper in batteries increases the surface area that can be used integrate reagents. The paper used in paper batteries can be supplemented to improve its performance characteristics.
• Patterning techniques such as photolithography, wax printing, and laser micromachining are used to create hydrophobic and hydrophilic sections on the paper to create a pathway to direct the capillary action of the fluids used in batteries.
• Similar techniques can be used to create electrical pathways on paper to create paper electrical devices and can integrate paper energy storage.

Disadvantages

Although the advantages of paper batteries are quite impressive, many of the components that make them great, such as carbon nanotubes and pattering, are complicated and expensive.

“The science of today is the Technology of future”

WEB SEARCH ENGINES

By Author – Prankul Sinha

INTRODUCTION:

Web search engine is the software which is designed to search the information in the worldwide web. The search results are generally presented in a line of results often referred to as search engine results pages. The search result is a mixture of web pages, images, videos etc. that website whos SEO (search engine optimization) are good will be shown in the 1st page of google search engine thats why SEO is very important for websites.

Before we study how the search engine works or how the search engine used to find the web pages we have to study some technical things which are:-

• Web crawler
• Robots.txt
• Meta tags

1. Web crawler:

A Web crawler, sometimes called a spider, is an Internet bot that systematically browses the World Wide Web, typically for the purpose of Web indexing

Web search engines and some other sites use Web crawling or spidering software to update their web content or indices of others sites’ web content. Web crawlers copy pages for processing by a search engine which indexes the downloaded pages so users can search more efficiently.

2. Robots.txt:

The robots exclusion standard, also known as the robots exclusion protocol or simply robots.txt, is a standard used by websites to communicate with web crawlers and other web robots. The standard specifies how to inform the web robot about which areas of the website should not be processed or scanned. Robots are often used by search engines to categorize websites. Not all robots cooperate with the standard; email harvesters, malware, and robots that scan for security vulnerabilities may even start with the portions of the website where they have been told to stay out. The standard is different from but can be used in conjunction with, Sitemaps, a robot inclusion standard for websites.

3. Meta tags:

Meta elements are tags used in HTML and XHTML documents to provide structured metadata about a Web page. They are part of a web page’s head section. Multiple Meta elements with different attributes can be used on the same page. Meta elements can be used to specify page description, keywords and any other metadata not provided through the other head elements and attributes.

Approach:

A search engine maintains the following processes in near real-time:

• Web crawling
• Indexing
• Searching

Web search engines get their information by web crawling from site to site. The “spider” checks for the standard filename robots.txt, addressed to it, before sending certain information back to be indexed depending on many factors, such as the titles, page content, JavaScript, Cascading Style Sheets , headings, as evidenced by the standard HTML markup of the informational content, or its metadata in HTML meta tags. No web crawler may actually crawl the entire reachable web. Due to infinite websites, spider traps, spam, and other exigencies of the real web, crawlers instead apply a crawl policy to determine when the crawling of a site should be deemed sufficient. Some sites are crawled exhaustively, while others are crawled only partially.

Indexing means associating words and other definable tokens found on web pages to their domain names and HTML-based fields. The associations are made in a public database, made available for web search queries. A query from a user can be a single word. The index helps find information relating to the query as quickly as possible. Some of the techniques for indexing, and caching are trade secrets, whereas web crawling is a straightforward process of visiting all sites on a systematic basis.

Between visits by the spider, the cached version of the page (some or all the content needed to render it) stored in the search engine working memory is quickly sent to an inquirer. If a visit is overdue, the search engine can just act as a web proxy instead. In this case, the page may differ from the search terms indexed The cached page holds the appearance of the version whose words were indexed, so a cached version of a page can be useful to the website when the actual page has been lost, but this problem is also considered a mild form of link rot.

Why Should We Go For A Website?

By Author – Prankul Sinha

In our modern world website is a very easy way for any business firms to advertise their product or display their product to the client in a very beautiful manner. If the business firm has his own website then they can build the good relationship with the customer and they can also sell their product online. By doing this, company growth will drastically change. If the presentation of the website is good then there will more visitors to the website which leads to increase in the sale of the company. The owner of the company has also an advantage that he can track every detail of his company while sitting in the home with his phone or laptop. The website also plays an important role to find a new employee if the owner wants fresher for the work then he can publish it in their website that there is a vacancy so that fresher can apply through the website.

Todays school and colleges are also using website so that they can advertise their college which leads to more and more admission they also use their website to perform many functions such as? student can pay their fees through student portal if there is function in school they can put it on website so that all student get informed. Therefore there are different purposes of the website according to our need which is as follows:-

The Purpose of E-Commerce Websites:-

The purpose of e-commerce websites is to sell products to users. The most successful websites are carefully optimized to achieve a high percentage of purchases. To achieve success e-commerce websites need to integrate all of the latest online closings & upsell techniques available which have been proven to increase the chances that a visitor will purchase. There are many elements which make the e-commerce best like by removing friction through the website, by making the payment option so smooth etc.

The Purpose of Service-Based Business Websites:-

The purpose of a service-based business website is to convince website visitors that they should become customers of the service company. This is done by positioning the company as a dependable, trustworthy and experienced service provider in the target market.

Visitors will pre-screen potential service providers by reviewing their websites before they make any phone calls. During this process, they are trying to find the best company that will meet their specific needs. They are trying to ascertain how expert the company is, the quality of the work they will receive, whether the provider has a good reputation and how long the company has been in business. Visitors can be helped by providing them with information and articles which demonstrate your knowledge, a visual portfolio of your work, videos, and customer testimonials and so on.

The Purpose of Social Media Websites:-

The main purpose of social media website is to connect friends family so they can easily share their photos videos etc. Social networks can be used for both personal and commercial purposes. Businesses use social networks to build direct connections with their customers which allow them to get feedback on their products and services and allow them to learn more about what their customers really need and want.

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The Purpose of Entertainment Websites:-

These websites showcase entertaining information for visitors. Online magazines, gossip oriented websites, celebrity news, sports coverage, movies, the arts, humorous websites, etc. These websites are designed to be easy to navigate and frequently updated in order to keep users coming back for more information. They can be made more engaging by using dynamic content, such as videos, podcasts, slideshows, etc.

Search Engine Optimization

By Author – Prankul Sinha

Introduction:

Search engine optimization is the process of getting traffic from the organic or natural search results on search engines. All the search engines such as google, yahoo, bing have primary search result which shows all the web pages in the ranked format and if the SEO of webpage is good then it will be on top 10 rank. Optimizing a website involve editing its content, doing HTML, and associated coding to both increases its relevance to specific keywords and to remove barriers to the indexing activities of search engines. Promoting a site to increase the number of backlinks, or inbound links is another SEO tactic

Types of SEO:

1. On-page SEO:-

On Page SEO refers to settings you can apply on your website so that it is optimized for search engines. The On-page SEO activities primarily include infusing keywords in the right quantity, inserting internal links, meta tags, Meta description, building a customized URL structure, inserting the alt attributes, taking care of the image SEO and most importantly providing the users with quality content.

Types of On-page SEO:

• Back-linking:

By giving backlinks to reliable sites, the authority of a site increases. Giving a backlink to a site that has a higher search engine ranking enables you to have a better level of credibility according to the Googles algorithms. Also, if you give multiple backlinks to an authoritative site, there are chances that you are able to convince them in the future to give your site a backlink as well. Such a reciprocative action would do wonders for your sites traffic.

• Meta Description:

The Meta description refers to the text that is displayed along with the title on the search engine result pages. The Meta description is a crucial SEO element as it determines to a great extent if the searcher will click on your sites link or not.

• Image SEO:

Image SEO is another way of optimizing the website or the landing pages in specific. An optimized image will appear in the searches made for images on Google. When the user clicks on the link to go to the original source of the image, the user is redirected to your website. Thus, to gain traffics on the website, images are an important component of any website, thus, must be optimized.

2. Off-page SEO:

Off-page SEO refers to activities we can perform outside the boundaries of our website. The most important are:

• Sharing:

If you think its ok to publish a blog and not share it on your social media handles or other connectivity apps that inform people what are you up to. Some of your friends might actually look forward to investing time in your work. Again you dont know how many people the post may reach through your social media handle. And if the post appears relevant to them, theres an even higher possibility that they may share it on their profile or the connectivity apps they use in their daily routine.

• Liking/ star rating:

Liking works just the same as commenting and sharing. The more the number of likes and star ratings on a post, the better is the credibility of that post according to Google. The star ratings especially work as reviews for a particular blog, for both the audience and Google, the star ratings are a means of reviewing the blog.

• Answer queries- be responsive:

Your potential consumer would put up questions every now and then. Putting up questions signifies only one thing that your audience is interested in what they are reading. So, theres a reasonable chance that if you answer their questions you would be able to maximize their interest and crack a sale along with building engagement which is obviously very crucial to your online existence.

Look out for what the user is looking for:

One of the most important aspects of off-page SEO is spending time on researching where the potential audiences interest lies in. When you pick topics of interest to your audience, it is an obvious fact that you will be able to build more engagement. isnt that what you want?

Moreover, when you post after carrying out a little research, you are updated with what is prevailing in the market and would write on the trending topics that are of interest to all.

Develop a personal touch with the target audience:

The off-page SEO has several elements that allow you to develop a personal touch with the users. While you reply to the comments and answer their queries over the social media or right below the blog itself, there is a scope for developing a personal touch with the audience. the more personally you connect with the audience, the more familiar the audiences would feel with your brand.