Business

GEAR DE-BURRING MACHINE

Gear deburring is a process that has changed substantially over the past 10 years. There have been advancements in the types of tools used for deburring operations and the development of “wet” machines, automatic load and unload, automatic part transfer and turnover, and vision systems for part identification, etc.

Three types of tools are used in the gear deburring process, including grinding wheels, brushes, and carbide tools. A discussion of each method is as follows.

Grinding Wheels
There are many wheel grits available, from 320 grit for small burrs and light chamfers, to 57 grit for large burrs and heavy chamfers, with numerous grit sizes in between. Grinding wheels will usually provide the required cosmetic appearance for a deburred gear. Setting up the grinding wheel is critical for good wheel life and consistent chamfers. The point of contact for the grinding wheel should be equal to the approach angle of the grinding head. For example, set a 45 approach angle for the grinding head with a protractor. Next, draw a line through the center of the grinding wheel followed by a line drawn 45 to the first line. The contact point between the gear and the grinding wheel should be at the 45 line.

The size of the chamfer attainable is determined by the size of the burr to be removed from the part. Further, three additional factors that affect chamfer size are wheel grit size, the speed of the work spindle, and the amount of pressure applied to the part by the grinding wheel. Grinding wheel speed is noted on the grinding wheel, and it is usually 15,000 to 18,000 RPM. The grinding wheels used most often are aluminum oxide.

Brushes
Parts with small burrs can be effectively deburred with a brush. Two types of brushes are used for deburring operations, those being wire and nylon. Wire brushes are made with straight, crimped, or knotted bristles. The wire diameter and length will determine how aggressively the brush will deburr. Nylon brushes can be impregnated with either aluminum oxide or silicon carbide, with grit size ranging from 80 to 400. The specific application will determine which type of brush is required. In applications where a heavy burr is to be removed with a grinding wheel or carbide tool, a brush is often used as a secondary process for removing small burrs created by the first process.
Carbide Tools
The use of carbide deburring tools is a relatively new development. There are three advantages to using carbide tools:
? Reduced deburring time. The carbide tools can run at 40,000 RPM, vs. 15,000 to 18,000 RPM for grinding wheels.

? Reduced setup time, because there is no need to establish an approach angle as with a grinding wheel.

? Ability to deburr cluster gears, or gears having the root of the tooth close to the gear shaft or hub.
Deburring Machine Features
The deburring process is accomplished with floating-style deburring heads having variable RPM air motors or turbines. The floating heads have air-operated, adjustable counterweights for adjusting the pressure applied to the part being deburred.
The floating heads can use grinding wheels, brushes, or carbide tools, and change-over from one to the other can be accomplished in a matter of minutes, providing versatility for doing a number of different parts on one machine.
ADVANTAGES:
1. Quick action clamping.
2. Precise indexing.
3. Multi-module indexer makes all range of spur gear de-burring possible
4. Fast action de-burring due to the sequential operation of the grinding head and indexer mechanism
5. Low-cost automation.
6. The flexibility of circuit design / can be converted into the fully automatic mode with minimal circuit components.
7. Low-cost automation process
8. Saves labor cost and monotony of operation.

APPLICATIONS:
1. Machine tool manufacturing industry.
2. Agriculture machinery manufacturing.
3. Molded gear industry.
4. Timer pulley manufacturing.
5. Sprocket and chain wheel manufacturing ..etc.

4G Wi-Fi Revolution

Wi-Fi is an extremely powerful resource that connects people, business, and increasingly the Internet of Things. It is used in our homes, colleges, businesses, favorite cafes, buses, and many of our public spaces. However, it is also a hugely complex technology. Designing, deploying, and maintaining a successful WLAN is no easy task, the goal is to make that task easier for WLAN administrators of all skill levels through education, knowledge-sharing, and community participation etc.
Any malls, restaurants, hotel, and any other service station, Wi-Fi seems to be active. While supplemental downlink channels are 20MHZ, each the Wi-Fi channels could be 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz or even 160MHz. On many moments I had to switch off my Wi-Fi as the speed so poor & and go back to using 4G.
On my smartphone, most days I get 30/40mbps download speed and it works perfectly superb for all my needs. The only one reason that we would need higher speeds is to do a chain and use the laptop for work, watching a video, play games, listen to music, download anything that you want. Most of the people I know that they work with don’t require gigabit speed at the moment.
Once a user that is receiving high-speed data on their device using LTE-U / LAA creates a Wi-Fi hotspot, it may use the same 5GHZ channels as the once that the network is using for supplemental downlink. The user always asking why their download speed fall as soon as they switch WI-FI on.
The fact is that in a rural area & even general built-up areas, operates do not have to worry about the network being overloaded and use their licensed range. nobody is planning to place LTE-U / LAA in these areas. In the dense area and ultra areas, there are many more users, and many more wi-fi access points, ad-hoc wi-fi networks and many other sources of involvement.

Smart Home Technology

Smart-Home Technology benefits the home-owners to monitor their Houses remotely, countering dangers such as a forgotten coffee maker left on or a front door left unlocked.

Smart homes are also beneficial for the elderly, providing monitoring that can help seniors to remain at home comfortably and safely, rather than moving to a nursing home or requiring 24/7 home care.

Unsurprisingly, smart homes can accommodate user preferences. For example, as soon as you arrive home, your garage door will open, the lights will go on, the fireplace will roar and your favorite tunes will start playing on your smart speakers.

Home automation also helps consumers improve efficiency. Instead of leaving the air conditioning on all day, a smart home system can learn your behaviors and make sure the house is cooled down by the time you arrive home from work. The same goes for appliances. And with a smart irrigation system, your lawn will only be watered when needed and with the exact amount of water necessary. With home automation, energy, water and other resources are used more efficiently, which helps save both natural resources and money for the consumer.

However, home automation systems have struggled to become mainstream, in part due to their technical nature. A drawback of smart homes is their perceived complexity; some people have difficulty with technology or will give up on it with the first annoyance. Smart home manufacturers and alliances are working on reducing complexity and improving the user experience to make it enjoyable and beneficial for users of all types and technical levels.

For home automation systems to be truly effective, devices must be inter-operable regardless of who manufactured them, using the same protocol or, at least, complementary ones. As it is such a nascent market, there is no gold standard for home automation yet. However, standard alliances are partnering with manufacturers and protocols to ensure inter-operability and a seamless user experience.

“Intelligence is the ability to adapt to change.”

–Stephan Hawking

How smart homes work/smart home implementation

Newly built homes are often constructed with smart home infrastructure in place. Older homes, on the other hand, can be retrofitted with smart technologies. While many smart home systems still run on X10 or Insteon, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi have grown in popularity.

Zigbee and Z-Wave are two of the most common home automation communications protocols in use today. Both mesh network technologies, they use short-range, low-power radio signals to connect smart home systems. Though both target the same smart home applications, Z-Wave has a range of 30 meters to Zigbee’s 10 meters, with Zigbee often perceived as the more complex of the two. Zigbee chips are available from multiple companies, while Z-Wave chips are only available from Sigma Designs.

A smart home is not disparate smart devices and appliances, but ones that work together to create a remotely controllable network. All devices are controlled by a master home automation controller, often called a smart home hub. The smart home hub is a hardware device that acts as the central point of the smart home system and is able to sense, process data and communicate wirelessly. It combines all of the disparate apps into a single smart home app that can be controlled remotely by homeowners. Examples of smart home hubs include Amazon Echo, Google Home, Insteon Hub Pro, Samsung SmartThings and Wink Hub, among others.

Some smart home systems can be created from scratch, for example, using a Raspberry Pi or other prototyping board. Others can be purchased as a bundled?smart home kit also known as a smart home platform that contains the pieces needed to start a home automation project.

In simple smart home scenarios, events can be timed or triggered. Timed events are based on a clock, for example, lowering the blinds at 6:00 p.m., while triggered events depend on actions in the automated system; for example, when the owner’s smartphone approaches the door, the smart lock unlocks and the smart lights go on.

It involves the control and automation of lighting, heating (such as smart thermostats), ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), and security (such as smart locks), as well as home appliances such as washer/dryers, ovens or refrigerators/freezers.WiFi is often used for remote monitoring and control. Home devices, when remotely monitored and controlled via the Internet, are an important constituent of the Internet of Things. Modern systems generally consist of switches and sensors connected to a central hub sometimes called a “gateway” from which the system is controlled with a user interface that is interacted either with a wall-mounted terminal, mobile phone software,tablet computer or a web interface, often but not always via Internet cloud services.

While there are many competing vendors, there are very few worldwide accepted industry standards and the smart home space is heavily fragmented. Manufacturers often prevent independent implementations by withholding documentation and by litigation.

Eye Ring

EyeRing is a wearable interface that allows using a pointing gesture or touching to access digital information about objects and the world. The idea of a micro camera worn as a ring on the index finger started as an experimental assistive technology for visually impaired persons, however soon enough we realized the potential for assistive interaction throughout the usability spectrum to children and visually-able adults as well.With a button on the side, which can be pushed with the thumb, the ring takes a picture or a video that is sent wirelessly to a mobile.

A computation element embodied as a mobile phone is in turn accompanied by the earpiece for information loopback. The finger-worn device is autonomous and wireless. A single button initiates the interaction. Information transferred to the phone is processed, and the results are transmitted to the headset for the user to hear.

Several videos about EyeRing have been made, one of which shows a visually impaired person making his way in a retail clothing environment where he is touching t-shirts on a rack, as he is trying to find his preferred color and size and he is trying to learn the price. He uses his EyeRing finger to point to a shirt to hear that it is color gray and he points to the pricetag to find out how much the shirt costs.

The researchers note that a user needs to pair the finger-worn device with the mobile phone application only once. Henceforth a Bluetooth connection will be automatically established when both are running.

The Android application on the mobile phone analyzes the image using the teams computer vision engine. The type of analysis and response depends on the pre-set mode, for example, color, distance, or currency. Upon analyzing the image data, the Android application uses a Text to Speech module to read out the information though a headset, according to the researchers.

The MIT group behind EyeRing are Suranga Nanayakkara, visiting faculty in the Fluid Interfaces group at MIT Media Lab and also a professor at Singapore University of Technology and Design; Roy Shilkrot, a first year doctoral student in the group; and Patricia Maes, associate professor and founder of the Media Labs Fluid Interfaces group.

The EyeRing in concept is promising but the team expects the prototype to evolve with more iterations to come. They are now at the stage where they want to prove it is a viable solution yet seek to make it better. The EyeRing creators say that their work is still very much a work in progress. The current implementation uses a TTL Serial JPEG Camera, 16 MHz AVR processor, Bluetooth module, 3.7V polymer Lithium-ion battery, 3.3V regulator, and a push button switch. They also look forward to a device that can carry advanced capabilities such as real-time video feed from the camera, higher computational power, and additional sensors like gyroscopes and a microphone. These capabilities are in development for the next prototype of EyeRing.

A Finger-worn Assistant The desire to replace an impaired human visual sense or augment a healthy one had a strong influence on the design and rationale behind EyeRing. To that end, we propose a system composed of a finger-worn device with an embedded camera, a computing element embodied as a mobile phone, and an earpiece for audio feedback. The finger-worn device is autonomous and wireless, and includes a single button to initiate the interaction. Information from the device is transferred to the computation element where it is processed, and the results are transmitted to the headset for the user to hear. Typically, a user would single click the pushbutton switch on the side of the ring using his thumb. At that moment, a snapshot is taken from the camera and the image is transferred via Bluetooth to the mobile phone. An Android application on the mobile phone then analyzes the image using our computer vision engine. Upon analyzing the image data, the Android application uses a Text-to-Speech module to read out the information though a hands-free head set. Users could change the preset mode by double-clicking the pushbutton and giving the system a brief verbal commands such as distance, color, currency, etc

Big Data

By Author – Shubhangi Agarwal

Big data is non-traditional strategy and technology used to organize, process, and gather insights from large datasets. While the problem of working with data that exceeds the computing power or storage of a single computer is not new, the pervasiveness, scale, and value of this type of computing have greatly expanded in recent years.

In this article, we will talk about big data on a fundamental level and define common concepts you might come across while researching the subject. We will also take a high-level look at some of the processes and technologies currently being used in this space.

What Is Big Data?
An exact definition of “big data” is difficult to nail down because projects, vendors, practitioners, and business professionals use it quite differently. With that in mind, generally speaking, big data is:

Large Datasets: The category of computing strategies and technologies that are used to handle large datasets
In this context, “large dataset” means a dataset too large to reasonably process or store with traditional tooling or on a single computer. This means that the common scale of big datasets is constantly shifting and may vary significantly from organization to organization.

Why Are Big Data Systems Different?
The basic requirements for working with big data are the same as the requirements for working with datasets of any size. However, the massive scale, the speed of ingesting and processing, and the characteristics of the data that must be dealt with at each stage of the process present significant new challenges when designing solutions. The goal of most big data systems is to surface insights and connections from large volumes of heterogeneous data that would not be possible using conventional methods.

Big Data Analytics:

Big Data Analytics is one of the great new frontiers of IT. Data is exploding so fast and the promise of deeper insights is so compelling that IT managers are highly motivated to turn big data into an asset they can manage and exploit for their organizations. Emerging technologies such as the Hadoop framework and MapReduce offer new and exciting ways to process and transform big data – defined as complex, unstructured, or large amounts of data – into meaningful insights, but also require IT to deploy infrastructure differently to support the distributed processing requirements and real-time demands of big data analytics. Big data is data sets that are so voluminous and complex that traditional data processing application software is inadequate to deal with them. Big data challenges include capturing data, data storage, data analysis, search, sharing, transfer, visualization, querying, updating, information privacy and data source. There are five dimensions to big data known as Volume, Variety, Velocity and the recently added Veracity and Value.

Lately, the term “Big Data” tends to refer to the use of predictive analytics, user behavior analytics, or certain other advanced data analysis methods that extract value from data, and seldom to a particular size of data set. “There is little doubt that the quantities of data now available are indeed large, but thats not the most relevant characteristic of this new data ecosystem.” Analysis of data sets can find new correlations to “spot business trends, prevent diseases, combat crime and so on “Scientists, business executives, practitioners of medicine, advertising and governments alike regularly meet difficulties with large data-sets in areas including Internet search, fintech, urban informatics, and business informatics. Scientists encounter limitations in e-Science work, including meteorology, genomics, connectomics, complex physics simulations, biology and environmental research. You can take data from any source and analyze it to find answers that enable

1. Cost Reductions
2. Time reductions
3. New product development and optimized offerings
4. Smart decision making

The importance of big data doesnt revolve around how much data you have, but what you do with it.

Jain Software also provides projects based on Big Data. You can directly contact to Jain Software by calling on +91-771-4700-300 or you can also Email us on Global@Jain.software.

5G Wireless Systems

5G technology is going to be a new mobile revolution in technological market. Through 5G technology now you can use worldwide cellular phones. With the coming out of cell phone alike to PDA now your whole office is in your finger tips or in your phone. 5G technology has extraordinary data capabilities and has ability to tie together unrestricted call volumes and infinite data broadcast within latest mobile operating system. 5G technology has a bright future because it can handle best technologies and offer priceless handset to their customers. May be in coming days 5G technology takes over the world market.

5G Technologies have an extraordinary capability to support Software and Consultancy. The Router and switch technology used in 5G network provides high connectivity. The 5G technology distributes internet access to nodes within the building and can be deployed with union of wired or wireless network connections. The current trend of 5G technology has a glowing future.

The 5G terminals will have software defined radios and modulation schemes as well as new error-control schemes that can be downloaded from the Internet. The development is seen towards the user terminals as a focus of the 5G mobile networks. The terminals will have access to different wireless technologies at the same time and the terminal should be able to combine different flows from different technologies. The vertical handovers should be avoided, because they are not feasible in a case when there are many technologies and many operators and service providers. In 5G, each network will be responsible for handling user-mobility, while the terminal will make the final choice among different wireless/mobile access network providers for a given service. Such choice will be based on open intelligent middleware in the mobile phone.

While 5G isn’t expected until 2020, an increasing number of companies are investing now to prepare for the new mobile wireless standard. We explore 5G, how it works and its impact on future wireless systems.

According to the Next Generation Mobile Network’s 5G white paper, 5G connections must be based on ‘user experience, system performance, enhanced services, business models and management & operations’.

And according to the Group Special Mobile Association (GSMA) to qualify for a 5G a connection should meet most of these eight criteria:

1. One to 10Gbps connections to end points in the field
2. One millisecond end-to-end round trip delay
3. 1000x bandwidth per unit area
4. 10 to 100x number of connected devices
5. (Perception of) 99.999 percent availability
6. (Perception of) 100 percent coverage
7. 90 percent reduction in network energy usage
8. Up to ten-year battery life for low power, machine-type devices

Previous generations like 3G were a breakthrough in communications. 3G receives a signal from the nearest phone tower and is used for phone calls, messaging and data.

4G works the same as 3G but with a faster internet connection and a lower latency (the time between cause and effect).

Like all the previous Generations,5G will be significantly faster than its predecessor 4G.

This should allow for higher productivity across all capable devices with a theoretical download speed of 10,000 Mbps.

“Current 4G mobile standards have the potential to provide 100s of Mbps. 5G offers to take that into multi-gigabits per second, giving rise to the Gigabit Smartphone and hopefully a slew of innovative services and applications that truly need the type of connectivity that only 5G can offer,” says Paul Gainham, senior director, SP Marketing EMEA at Juniper Networks.

Plus, with greater bandwidth comes faster download speeds and the ability to run more complex mobile internet apps.

The future of 5G

As 5G is still in development, it is not yet open for use by anyone. However, lots of companies have started creating 5G products and field testing them.

Notable advancements in 5G technologies have come from Nokia, Qualcomm, Samsung, Ericsson and BT, with growing numbers of companies forming 5G partnerships and pledging money to continue to research into 5G and its application.

Qualcomm and Samsung have focused their 5G efforts on hardware, with Qualcomm creating a 5G modem and Samsung producing a 5G enabled home router.

Both Nokia and Ericcson have created 5G platforms aimed at mobile carriers rather than consumers.Ericsson created the first 5G platform earlier this year that claims to provide the first 5G radio system. Ericsson began 5G testing in 2015.

Who is investing in 5G?

Both Nokia and Ericcson have created 5G platforms aimed at mobile carriers rather than consumers.Ericsson created the first 5G platform earlier last year that claims to provide the first 5G radio system, although it has begun 5G testing in 2015.

Similarly, in early 2017, Nokia launched “5G First”, a platform aiming to provide end-to-end 5G support for mobile carriers.

Looking closer to home, the City of London turned on its district-wide public Wi-Fi network in October 2017, consisting of 400 small cell transmitters. The City plans to run 5G trials on it.

Chancellor Philip Hammond revealed in the Budget 2017 that the government will pledge 16 million to create a 5G hub. However, given the rollout of 4G, it’s unknown what rate 5G will advance at.

Smart-City initiative and a glimpse of Naya-Raipur

Smart-City initiative and a glimpse of Naya-Raipur

Smart city is an urban area that uses different types of electronic data collection sensors to supply information which is used to manage assets and resources efficiently. This includes data collected from citizens, devices, and assets that is processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems, power plants, water supply networks, waste management, law enforcement, information systems, schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community services.

The smart city concept integrates information and communication technology(ICT), and various physical devices connected to the network to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services and connect to citizens. Smart city technology allows city officials to interact directly with both community and city infrastructure and to monitor what is happening in the city and how the city is evolving.

ICT is used to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services to reduce costs, resource consumption and to increase the contacts between citizens and government. Smart city applications are developed to manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses. A smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a simple “transactional” relationship with its citizens.

According to Professor Jason Pomeroy, in addition to technology, smart cities “acknowledge and seek to preserve culture, heritage and tradition”, such as Barcelona in Spain.Yet, the term itself remains unclear to its specifics and therefore, open to many interpretations.

Due to the breadth of technologies that have been implemented under the smart city label, it is difficult to distill a precise definition of a smart city. Deakin and Al Wear.

Four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city:

1. The application of a wide range of electronic and digital technologies to communities and cities
2. The use of ICT to transform life and working environments within the region
3. The embedding of such Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) in government systems
4. The territorialisation of practices that brings ICTs and people together to enhance the innovation and knowledge that they offer.

Deakin defines the smart city as one that utilise ICT to meet the demands of the market (the citizens of the city), and that community involvement in the process is necessary for a smart city.Smart city would be a city that not only possesses ICT technology in particular areas, but has also implemented this technology in a manner that positively impacts the local community.

Characteristics

It has been suggested that a smart city use information technology to:

1. Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure through artificial intelligence and data analytics to support a strong and healthy economic, social, cultural development.
2. Engage effectively with local people in local governance and decision by the use of open innovation processes and e-participation, improving the collective intelligence of the city’s institutions through e-governance with the emphasis placed on citizen participation and co-design.
3. Learn, adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city.

They evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of human intelligence,collective intelligence, and also artificial intelligence within the city.The intelligence of cities “resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital-telecommunication networks(the nerves), ubiquitously embedded intelligence(the brains), sensors,tags(the sensory organs)and software(the knowledge and cognitive competence)”.

These forms of intelligence in smart cities have been demonstrated in three ways:

1. Orchestration intelligence:Where cities establish institutions and community-based problem solving and collaborations, such as in Bletchley Park, where the Nazi Enigma cypher was decoded by a team led by Alan Turing. This has been referred to as the first example of a smart city or an intelligent community.
2. Empowerment intelligence: Cities provide open platforms, experimental facilities and smart city infrastructure in order to cluster innovation in certain districts. These are seen in the Kista Science City in Stockholm and the Cyberport Zone in Hong Kong. Similar facilities have also been established in Melbourne.
3. Instrumentation intelligence: Where city infrastructure is made smart through real-time data collection, with analysis and predictive modelling across city districts. There is much controversy surrounding this, particularly with regards to surveillance issues in smart cities. Examples of Instrumentation intelligence have been implemented in Amsterdam.This is implemented through:
   1. A common IP infrastructure that is open to researchers to develop applications.
   2. Wireless meters and devices transmit information at the point in time.
   3. A number of homes being provided with smart energy meter to become aware of energy consumption and reduce energy usage
   4. Solar power garbage compactors,car recharging stations and energy saving lamps.

Smart-City(Naya-Raipur)

Among the many successful policies and development projects, one of the most ambitious ventures by the state government is Naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh’s new capital city, which was recognized as worlds first ever integrated township in January 2017.

Environmental issues are considered to be a global concern today, and much remains to be done for effective conservation. In Naya Raipur, 27% of the land is solely devoted to greenery and the regions environmental policies make it the first Greenfield Smart City in India.

Smooth and safe cycling lanes are constructed throughout the city, promoting the use of non-motorized transport systems. Apart from minimizing air pollution, steps have been taken to conserve water, and every building in Raipur will have effective and compulsory rainwater harvesting systems. The NRDA is maintaining 55 reservoirs in the region, including three lakes.

Public buildings should not only have this system but should be erected on the basis of green building concept. Green buildings use less water, optimize energy efficiency, conserve natural resources, generate less waste and have minimum impact on environment. The offices of NRDA and Housing Board Corporation are examples of such buildings, and a visit to the NRDA shows the building sparkling with sunlight.

In a bid to offer wholesome recreation for local residents, an amusement park is currently being built in sector 24 alongside Jhanjh Lake for water sports facilities. A club house in Sector 24 will offer fitness, lounge, theatre and other amenities while the Immersive Dome Theatre, streaming five-dimensional movies, is already entertaining Raipurians. Ekatm Path, a 2.2 km boulevard is a paradise for morning walkers, and reminiscent of Raj Path in New Delhi.

Purkhauti Muktangan, the cultural village showcasing the rich cultural heritage is a popular spot in the city. Recently, PM Narendra Modi inaugurated the Botanical Garden in Naya Raipur, and the Jungle Safari held as Asias largest man-made forest safari.

In its smart city initiative, NRDA is conducting an online citizen survey, seeking priorities, demands and innovative suggestions from people. This is the first time a newly developing town plan is being prepared with public involvement.

In any civilization the quality of life is dependent on housing and residential amenities. As per an NRDA plan, 21 sectors are reserved for residential premises in the city of which three sectors are built by state housing board corporation. These three sectors are habitable with 5100 units already constructed.

Virtual Reality Box

Virtual Reality Box-

A virtual reality headset is a head-mounted device that provides virtual reality for the wearer. VR headsets are widely used with computer games but they are also used in other applications, including simulators and trainers. They comprise a stereoscopic head-mounted display (providing separate images for each eye), stereo sound, and head motion tracking sensors (which may include gyroscopes, accelerometers, structured light systems, etc.). Some VR headsets also have eye tracking sensors and gaming controllers.

Because virtual reality headsets stretch a single display across a wide field of view (up to 110 for some devices according to manufacturers), the magnification factor makes flaws in display technology much more apparent. One issue is the so-called screen-door effect, where the gaps between rows and columns of pixels become visible, kind of like looking through a screen door. This was especially noticeable in earlier prototypes and development kits, which had lower resolutions than the retail versions.

The lenses of the headset are responsible for mapping the up-close display to a wide field of view, while also providing a more comfortable distant point of focus. One challenge with this is providing consistency of focus: because eyes are free to turn within the headset, it’s important to avoid having to refocus to prevent eye strain.

Virtual reality headsets are being currently used as a means to train medical students for surgery. It allows them to perform essential procedures in a virtual, controlled environment. Students perform surgeries on virtual patients, which allows them to acquire the skills needed to perform surgeries on real patients. It also allows the students to revisit the surgeries from the perspective of the lead surgeon.
Traditionally, students had to participate in surgeries and often they would miss essential parts. Now, with the use of VR headsets, students can watch surgical procedures from the perspective of the lead surgeon without missing essential parts. Students can also pause, rewind, and fast forward surgeries. They also can perfect their techniques in a real-time simulation in a risk free environment.
Latency requirements
Virtual reality headsets have significantly higher requirements for latency the time it takes from a change in input to have a visual effect than ordinary video games. If the system is too sluggish to react to head movement, then it can cause the user to experience virtual reality sickness, a kind of motion sickness. According to a Valve engineer, the ideal latency would be 7-15 milliseconds. A major component of this latency is the refresh rate of the display, which has driven the adoption of displays with a refresh rate from 90 Hz (Oculus Rift and HTC Vive) to 120 Hz (PlayStation VR).
The graphics processing unit (GPU) also needs to be more powerful to render frames more frequently. Oculus cited the limited processing power of Xbox One and PlayStation 4 as the reason why they are targeting the PC gaming market with their first devices.

Asynchronous reprojection /time warp
A common way to reduce the perceived latency or compensate for a lower frame rate, is to take an (older) rendered frame and morph it according to the most recent head tracking data just before presenting the image on the screens. This is called asynchronous reprojection or “asynchronous time warp” in Oculus jargon.

PlayStation VR synthesizes “in-between frames” in such manner, so games that render at 60 fps natively result in 120 updates per second. SteamVR (HTC Vive) will also use “interleaved reprojection” for games that cannot keep up with its 90 Hz refresh rate, dropping down to 45 fps.

The simplest technique is applying only projection transformation to the images for each eye (simulating rotation of the eye). The downsides are that this approach cannot take into account the translation (changes in position) of the head. And the rotation can only happen around the axis of the eyeball, instead of the neck, which is the true axis for head rotation. When applied multiple times to a single frame, this causes “positional judder”, because position is not updated with every frame.

A more complex technique is positional time warp, which uses pixel depth information from the Z-buffer to morph the scene into a different perspective. This produces other artifacts because it has no information about faces that are hidden due to occlusion and cannot compensate for position-dependent effects like reflectons and specular lighting. While it gets rid of the positional judder, judder still presents itself in animations, as timewarped frames are effectively frozen.

WHAT IS AUGMENTED REALITY

Augmented Reality was first achieved, to some extent, by a cinematographer called Morton Heilig in 1957. He invented the Sensorama which delivered visuals, sounds, vibration and smell to the viewer. Of course, it wasnt computer controlled but it was the first example of an attempt at adding additional data to an experience. Wikipedia describes?Augmented Reality ?as a live direct or indirect view of a physical, real-world environment whose elements are Augmented” by computer-generated or extracted real-world sensory input such as sound, video, graphics or GPS data.

Augmented reality is actually in simple words can be explained as adding some content in the real world which is actually not present there. Augmented reality is actually creating or adding a virtual world/ things over a real world. It brings 3D content to your eyes in the real world by using any medium like phone camera or web cams.

The first properly functioning AR system was probably the one developed at USAF Armstrongs Research Lab by Louis Rosenberg in 1992. This was called Virtual Fixtures and was an incredibly complex robotic system which was designed to compensate for the lack of high-speed 3D graphics processing power in the early 90s. It enabled the overlay of sensory information on a workspace to improve human productivity.

The best and most relevant example of app popularly known as Pokmon Go. Those who have played that that game knows what that game is. That game is actually creates virtual characters augmented in the actual world. The basic concept of that game is to catch pokmon as you open the app you see a different world in the same world. It just takes the real world as a base and shows augmented /virtual reality effects.

There are some popular apps other than Pokmon go if you want to take some good experience of virtual reality

1. Ink hunter
2. Augment
3. Holo
4. Sun Seeker
5. Aurasma
6. Quiver

Use of augmented reality can be done in different fields of study and practical use as:

1. Education

AR would also be a way for parents and teachers to achieve their goals for modern education, which might include providing a more individualized and flexible learning, making closer connections between what is taught at school and the real world, and helping students to become more engaged in their own learning.

2. Medical

AR provides surgeons with patient monitoring data in the style of a fighter pilot’s heads-up display, and allows patient imaging records, including functional videos, to be accessed and overlaid.

3. Military

In combat, AR can serve as a networked communication system that renders useful battlefield data onto a soldier’s goggles in real time. Virtual maps and 360 view camera imaging can also be rendered to aid a soldier’s navigation and battlefield perspective, and this can be transmitted to military leaders at a remote command center from the soldier’s viewpoint, people and various objects can be marked with special indicators to warn of potential dangers.

4. Video Games

A number of games were developed like Pokmon go and others. The gaming industry embraced AR technology in the best way possible for normal people.

And Much more

Future of Augmented?Reality

Experts predict the AR market could be worth 122 billion by 2024. So this report by BBC tells us that augmented reality has very big market as the development goes on and on.

Laravel – best PHP framework

Laravel is one of the highly used, open-source modern web application frameworks that designs customized web applications quickly and easily.

Developers prefer Laravel over to other frameworks because of the performance, features, scalability it provides. It follows Model View Controller (MVC) which makes it more useful than PHP. It attempts to take the pain out of development by easing common tasks used in the majority of web projects, such as authentication, routing, sessions and caching. It has a unique architecture, where it is possible for developers to create their own infrastructure that is specifically designed for their application. Laravel is used not only for the large projects but also best to use for the small project.

Laravels first beta release was made available on June 9, 2011, followed by the Laravel 1 release later in the same month.

Features of Laravel:

1. Modularity: Modularity is defined as the degree to which a systems components get separated and then recombines. You split the business logic into different parts, which belongs together.
2. Authentication: Authentication is the most important part of any web application and developers spent enormous time writing the authentication code which has become simpler with the update in Laravel 5.
3. Application Logic: It can be implemented within any application either using controllers or directly into route declarations using syntax similar to the Sinatra framework. Laravel is designed with privileges giving a developer the flexibility that they need to create everything from very small sites to massive enterprise applications.
4. Caching: Caching is a temporary data storage used to store data for a while and can be retrieved quickly. It is often used to reduce the times we need to access database or other remote services. It can be a wonderful tool to keep your application fast and responsive.
5. Method or Dependency Injection: In Laravel Inversion of control (IoC) container is a powerful tool for managing class dependencies. Dependency injection is a method of removing hard-coded class dependencies. Laravels IoC container is one of the most used Laravel features.
6. Routing: With Laravel, we can easily approach to routing. The route can be triggered in the application with good flexibility and control to match the URL.
7. Restful Controllers: Restful controllers provide an optional way for separating the logic behind serving HTTP GET and POST requests.
8. Testing & Debugging: Laravel is built with testing in mind, in Fact, support for testing with PHPUnit is included out of the box.
9. Automatic Pagination: Simplifies the task of implementing pagination, replacing the usual manual implementation approaches with automated methods integrated into Laravel.
10. Template Engine: Blade is a simple, yet powerful templating engine provided with Laravel. Unlike controller layouts, Blade is driven by template inheritance and sections.
11. Database Query Builder: Laravels database query builder provides a convenient, fluent interface to creating and running database queries.