What is Holography?

History of Holography:

• Invented in 1948 by Dennis Gabor for use in electron microscopy, before the invention of the laser.
• Leith and Upatnieks (1962) applied laser light to holography.

Conventional vs. Holographic photography:

Conventional: 

• ¨2-d version of a 3-d scene
• ¨Photograph lacks depth perception
• ¨Film sensitive only to radiant energy
• ¨Phase relation (i.e. interference) are lost

Hologram: 

• ¨Freezes the intricate wave front of light that carries all the visual information of the scene
• ¨To view a hologram, the wave front is reconstructed
• ¨View what we would have seen if present at the original scene through the window defined by the hologram
• ¨Provides depth perception

Hologram Properties:

• If you look at these holograms from different angles, you see objects from different perspectives, just like you would if you were looking at a real object.
• They usually just look like sparkly pictures or smears of color.
• If you cut one in half, each half contains whole views of the entire holographic image.

Hologram Construction:

• Laser : Red lasers, usually helium-neon (HeNe) lasers, are common in holography
• Beam splitter: This is a device that uses mirrors and prisms to split one beam of light into two beams.
• Mirrors: These direct the beams of light to the correct locations.
• Holographic film: Holographic film can record light at a very high resolution, which is necessary for creating a hologram. It’s a layer of light-sensitive compounds on a transparent surface, like photographic film.

Hologram Working:

Holography Reconstruction:

What is Laser:

Lasers produce monochromatic light — it has one wavelength and one color. Because of the need for coherent interference between the reference and object beams

Hologram:Some Applications:

1. Authentication.
2. Virtual Display.

Awadhesh Kumar

Jain Software Developers

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Introduction:

• Artificial intelligence(AI) is technology and a branch of computer science that studies and develops intelligent machines and software.
• Here intelligent system means a system that perceives its environment and learn through experience like human beings.
• In 1955, John McCarthy coined the term “Artificial Intelligence”.

Intelligence:

• Intelligence is the ability to learn about, to learn from, to understand about, and interact with one’s environment.
• Intelligence is the faculty for understanding.

“Intelligence is not to make no mistakes but quickly to understand how to make them good” -(German Poet )

Core Parts of AI:

• Knowledge
• Reasoning
• Problem solving capability
• Perception
• Learning
• Planning
• The ability to manipulate and move objects

How does AI Works:

Artificial intelligence works with the help of :

• Artificial Neurons   (Artificial Neural Network)

• Scientific theorems (If-Then Statements, Logics)

What is Neural Networking:

Artificial neural networks are  composed of interconnecting  artificial neurons (programming constructs that mimic the properties of biological neurons).

Structure of Biological Neuron:

An Artificial Neuron:

Turing Test:

• The Turing testis a test of a machine’s ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of an actual human.
• The test was introduced by Alan Turingin his 1950 paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,”

Test Setup-

Person A (actually a computer) and Person B both say that they are human. Person C tries to find out whether Person A or Person B is the computer or the human.

Examples of Artificial Machines:

• Deep Blue was a chess-playing computer developed by IBM. On May 11, 1997, the machine, played chess with world champion Garry Kasparov.

• MYCIN: is an expert system for treatment of blood infection.

Advantages:

• It can help improve our way of life.
• Use of robots for heavy construction, military benefits or even for personal assistance at private home.
• There will be less injuries and stress to human beings.
• Many of our health problems now have possible solutions with the use of Artificial Intelligence.
• Scientists have been using AI to test theories and notions about how our brain works.

Disadvantages:

• If robots start replacing human resources in every field, we will have to deal with serious issues like unemployment.
• One of the major disadvantages of intelligent machines is that they cannot be ‘human’. We might be able to make them think. But will we be able to make them feel?
• Apart from these concerns, there are chances that intelligent machines overpower human beings.

Awadhesh Kumar

Jain Software Developers

Gi-Fi Technology

Introduction of GiFi:

• GI-FI means gigabit wireless.
• Worlds first transceiver integrated on single chip.
• Operates on 60ghz on the CMOS process.
• Allows wireless transfer of audio and video data at upto 5GB per second.
• Transfer data within an indoor environment usually within a range of 10ms.
• Man behind Gi-Fi is Professor Stan Skafidis of Melbourne university.

Evolution of GiFi:

Why GiFi:

The reason for pushing into Gi-Fi technology is because of

• slow rate,
• high power consumption,
• low range of frequency operations of earlier technologies i.e. Bluetooth and Wi-Fi’s.

Gi-Fi Access Devices:

Application of GiFi:

• In wireless PAN networks.
• Inter-vehicle communication system.
• Huge data file transfer.
• Office appliances.
• Video information transfer.

Awadhesh Kumar

Jain Software Developers

Li-Fi(Light Fidelity) Technology

             Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) is a bidirectional, high speed and fully networked wireless communication technology similar to Wi-Fi. The term was coined by Harald Haas and is a form of visible light communication and a subset of optical wireless communications (OWC).

What is LiFi:

LI-FI is transmission of data through illumination ,sending data through a LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than human eye can follow-

History:

The technology truly began during the 1990’s in countries like Germany, Korea, and Japan where they discovered LED’s could be retrofitted to send information.  Harald Haas continues to wow the world with the potential to use light for communication.

Present Scenario:

1.4 Million

5 Million

• Radio Spectrum is congested but the demand for wireless data double each year .Every thing, it seems want to use wireless data but the capacity is drying up.
• So what can carry this excess demand in the future

WHO CAN REPLACE RADIO WAVES FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION ?

How Li-Fi Works:

operational procedure is very simple, if the led is on, you transmit a digital 1, if its off you transmit a 0. The LEDs can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives nice opportunities for transmitting data. Hence all that us required is some LEDS and a controller that code data into those LEDs.

Why Only VLC:

• Gama rays cant be used as they could be dangerous.
• X-rays have similar health issues.
• Ultraviolet light is good for place without people, but otherwise dangerous for the human body.
• Infrared, due to eye safety regulation,can only bse used with low power.

LAXIM:

Awadhesh Kumar

Jain Software Developers

What is Blue Jacking?

Know Bluetooth Technology:

žBluetooth is a wireless networking standard created for personal area networks (PANs). Is was founded in 1994,as wireless data transmission technology using radio transmissions.žBluetooth is a cable replacement technology.

žBluetooth is an IEEE standard under the denomination of 802.15 WPANs.žž Bluetooth provides cheap connection between two or more devices.žžBluetooth has a short range of approximately 10 meters up to 25 meters.žžBluetooth offers low speeds of approximately 1Mbps.

What is Blue Jacking:

žBlue jacking exploits a Bluetooth device’s ability to discover other nearby devices to send unsolicited messages.žThe unsolicited message is then displayed on the victim’s device, potentially causing confusion or at least annoyance. Actually blue jacking allows individ

uals to send business cards anonymously using Bluetooth wireless technology. Bluejacking does not involve the removal or alteration of any data from the device. These business cards often have a clever or flirtatious message.

Features of Blue Jacking:

• žBluejacking does not involve the removal or alteration of any data from the device.ž
• žA bluejacker normally send only a text message, but now it has now become possible to send images or sounds also.ž
• ž Bluejacking exploits a Bluetooth device’s ability to discover other nearby Bluetooth devices.

How to Blue Jacking Done:ž

žIt is done with the help of OBEX protocol.ž

žTo choose the recipients of bluejacks, senders complete a scan using their mobile phones to search for the available Bluetooth-enabled devices in the immediate area.ž

žA bluejacker then picks one of the various available devices (that have their Bluetooth on), composes a message within the body of the phone’s contact interface, then sends the message to the receiver and stays close to the receiver to observe any reactions expressed by the person.ž

žThe message is sent via vCard functionality. It has a name field for bluedating or bluechat to another Bluetooth enabled device.žž

žIt also allows phone users to send business cards secretly using Bluetooth. These business cards can even contain clever or flirtatious messages instead of simply the phone number and name.ž

žBluejackers look for the receiving phone to ping or to react.

Fig. 1 how the sender sends the bluejack message

Fig. 2 what does receiver sees on the screen as it receives the bluejack message

Advantages of Blue jacking:ž

• žUsually, a bluejacker will only send a text message, but with modern phones it’s possible to send images or sounds as well.
• žWe can easily transfer data from mobile to laptop or from mobile to mobile in a short period.
• žWe can even enjoy music by wireless headphones through Bluejacking.

Disadvantages of Blue jacking:

• žIncrease in the availability of Bluetooth enabled devices, these devices have become vulnerable to virus attacks and even complete takeover of devices through a Trojan horse program.ž
• žThese may even cause irritation in any person as these are just unwelcomed messages or some jokes.ž
• žThey can annoy anyone very easily.

Usages of Blue Jacking:ž

žIt can be used in malls for advertisement purposes. As you cross their shop, you can get a message or any latest scheme they are providing on that day, etc.ž

žThey can be used at railway station to give you information about various general rules and about train timings, etc. Someone can even annoy you by sending useless messages. So, it is advisable to keep it off at these public places.ž

ž It can also be used at café, restaurant, cinema, mobile phone shop or at any electronic shop to provide you various information regarding them but any other random person can also send you the Bluejack messages and hence can even annoy you.

žHow to prevent yourself from Blue Jackers:

žPhone owners who receive bluejack messages should refuse to add the contacts to their address book. This means they must be fully ignored.ž

žDevices could be set in the non-discoverable, hidden or invisible mode in the menu. They are not prone to bluejacking.ž

žYou can turning off your Bluetooth device off at certain public areas like various shopping centers, coffee shops, movie theaters, bars and clubs, public transport vehicles, phone, at various electronic stores and even in parks.

ž

ž

Awadhesh Kumar

Jain Software Developers

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Cyber Bullying

What is Cyber Bullying?

When the internet, cell phones or other digital devices are used to send or post text or images intended to hurt or embarrass another person.Examples of cyber bullying include mean text messages or emails, rumours sent by email or posted on social networking sites, and embarrassing pictures, videos, websites, or fake profiles.

There are two kinds of Cyber Bullying:

• Direct Attacks- messages sent directly to the victim.
• Cyber Bullying by Proxy– Using someone else to cyber bully a victim, this proxy may know they are cyber bullying and they may not.

1. Direct Attacks:

• Instant Messaging
• Text Messaging
• Blogs
• Websites
• Emailing Pictures
• Stealing Passwords
• Internet Polling- Hot or Not!
• Hacking or sending spyware

2. By Proxy:

• Someone else does the dirty work for the main cyber bully.
• Bullies may hack into the victim’s account or steal their password. They may set up a new account pretending to be the victim.
• Friends get angry with the victim.
• This form of cyber bullying is very dangerous because many people are involved, not just the bully and the victim.

Bullying V/S Cyber Bullying

1. Bullying:

• Direct,
• Physical: Hitting, Punching & Shoving.
• Verbal: Teasing, Name calling & Gossip.
• Non-verbal: Use of gestures & Exclusion.

2. Cyber Bullying:

• ANONYMOUS.
• Harassing text messages or emails.
• Spreading rumours on social networks.
• Emotional reactions cannot be determined.

Why do children Cyber Bullying?

• Anger
• Frustration
• Revenge
• Entertainment
• To get Laughs or Reactions
• Power Hungry
• Because all motives for bullying are different so are the solutions and responses.

Who does this effect?

• As hinted at previously, Cyber Bullying only impacts children.
• Children of all ages can be victims of cyber bullying, Young children, Preteens and Teenagers.
• Once adults get involved with Cyber Bullying it becomes Cyber Stalking or Cyber Harassment.

Consequences of Cyber Bullying:

• Anxiety
• Depression
• Stress Related Disorders
• Suicide
• Withdrawal from Friends and Activities
• Changes in mood, behaviour and appetite
• Emotional Distress during and after using technology

Awadhesh Kumar

Jain Software Developers

What is Captcha ?

What is CAPTCHA?

• CAPTCHA stands for Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart.
• A challenge question
• First used by Altavista in1997 but officially in 2000 by Luis Von .

WHY USED?

Since the dawn of the Internet, people have tried to abuse websites for both sport and profit. As the abuse became profitable, the scale of abuse grew using automated software (sometimes referred to as bots). To prevent bots from overrunning sites with spam, fraudulent registrations, fake sweepstakes entries, and other nefarious things, publishers responded by testing users to see if they were human or not.

CAPTCHA implementations can be found on more than 3.5 million sites globally, and human beings solve CAPTCHA implementations more than 300 million times a day.

Google Lunches a new reCAPTCHA technology to protect your security and sites from third party to hack.reCAPTCHA is a free service that protects your website from spam and abuse. reCAPTCHA uses an advanced risk analysis engine and adaptive CAPTCHAs to keep automated software from engaging in abusive activities on your site.

Applications:

Captcha have several applications list which are used as-

• Website Registration
• Online polls
• Newsgroups, Blogs etc…
• Reducing SPAM

Some Examples of CAPTCHA:

Text Based Captcha-

Graphics based Captcha:

• Advanced security System.
• Ease of use
• Creation of values

Audio Based Captcha:

Advantages:

Distinguishes between a human and a machine
Makes online polls more legitimate
Reduces spam and viruses
Makes online shopping safer
Diminishes abuse of free email account services

Disadvantages:

Sometimes very difficult to read
Are not compatible with users with disablilities
Time-consuming to decipher
Technical difficulties with certain internet browsers
May greatly enhance Artificial Intelligence

Awadhesh Kumar

Jain Software Developers

4G Technology

Introduction:

ž4G stands for the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards.

žIt is a successor to 3G and 2G families of standards.

žFourth generation mobile communications systems that are characterized by high-speed data rates at 20 to 100 Mbps

Objectives of 4G Technology:

• ž4G is being developed to accommodate the QoS
• žMobile broadband access
• žMMS
• žVideo chat
• žMobile TV like HDTV
• žDigital video broadcasting
• žA data rate of at least 100 Mbit/s
• žSmooth hand off across heterogeneous networks
• žAn all IP, packet switched network.

ITU Requirement And 4G Technology:

• žBased on an all-IP packet switched network.
• žPeak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s
• žScalable channel bandwidth, between 5 and 20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz
• ž802.16m standardized by the IEEE (i.e. WiMAX)
• žLTE Advanced standardized by the 3GPP

  

Principles of Technology:

• žMIMO
• žOFDM/OFDMA
• žTurbo principle error-correcting codes
• žChannel-dependent scheduling
• žIP V6

Data Rates Table:

4G Candidate Systems:

• žLTE Advanced
• žIEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced
• ž3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)ž
• žMobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e)ž
• žUMB (formerly EV-DO Rev. C)ž
• žFlash-OFDMž
• žiBurst and MBWA (IEEE 802.20) systems

3G Vs 4G:

3G Technology:

• Predominantly voice driven – data was always add on
• Wide area cell-based
• 1800-2400 MHz
• Circuit and packet switched networks.
• Combination of existing & evolved equipment.
• Data rate (up to 2Mbps).
• Optimized antenna design, multi-band adapters
• A number of air link protocols, including IP

4G Technology:

• Converged data and voice over IP
• Hybrid – Integration of Wireless LAN (WiFi, Bluetooth) and wide area.
• Higher frequency bands 2-8 GHz
• Entirely packet switched networks.
• All network elements are digital.
• Higher bandwidth (up to 100Mbps).
• Smarter Antennas, software multi-band and wide band radios
• All IP (IPv6.0)

Features:

• žHigh usability: anytime, anywhere, and with any technology
• žSupport for multimedia services at low transmission cost
• žPersonalization
• žIntegrated services

Awadhesh Kumar

Jain Software Developers

What is Blue Brain?

• “Blue brain” `The name of the world’s first virtual brain. That means a machine   that can function as human brain.
• The main aim is to upload human brain into machine.
• Is it possible..? Answer is “yes”
• The IBM is now developing a virtual brain known as the Blue brain. It would be the world’s first virtual brain.

What is Virtual Brain?

1. žWe can say Virtual brain is an artificial brain, which does not actually the natural brain, but can act as the brain.
2. žIt can think like brain, take decisions based on the past experience, and response as the natural brain can.

Why need Virtual Brain?

žToday we are developed because of our intelligence. Intelligence is the inborn quality that can not be created .Some people have this quality ,so that they can think up to such an extent where other can not reach .

žHuman society is always need of such intelligence and such an intelligent brain to have with. But the intelligence is lost along with the body after the death. The virtual brain is a solution to it.

Brain Simulation:

Normal Brain VS Simulated Brain-

• Normal Brain-

1. INPUT: žThrough the natural neurons
2. INTERPRETATION: žBy different states of the neurons in the brain.
3. OUTPUT:ž Through the natural neurons.
4. PROCESSING: žThrough arithmetic and logical calculations.ž
5. MEMORY:ž Through permanent states of neurons

• Simulated Brain-

1. INPUT: žThrough the silicon chip or artificial neurons
2. INTERPRETATION: žBy a set of bits in the set of register .
3. OUTPUT: žThrough the silicon chip.
4. PROCESSING: žThrough arithmetic and logical calculation and artificial intelligence
5. MEMORY: žThrough Secondary memory

Artificial Neural Network of Brain:

Uploading Human Brain:

1. žThe uploading is possible by the use of small robots known as the Nanobots
2. žThese robots are small enough to travel through out our circulatory system. They will be able to monitor the activity and structure of our central nervous system.
3. žThey will be able to provide an interface with computers that is as close as our mind can be while we still reside in our biological form.
4. žNanobots could also carefully scan the structure of our brain, providing a complete readout of the connections.
5. žThis information, when entered into a computer, could then continue to function as us.
6. žThus the data stored in the entire brain will be uploaded into the computer.

Hardware & Software Requirement:

1.A super computer

2.Memory with a very large storing capacity

3.Processor with a very high processing power

4.A very wide network.

5. 100 kilowatts power consumption.

6.A program to convert the electric impulses from the brain to input signal, which is to be received by the computer, and vice versa.

7.Very powerful Nanobots to act as the interface between the natural brain and the computer

Disadvantages:

   Further, there are many new dangers these technologies will open. We will be susceptible to new forms of harm.

1. We become dependent upon the computer systems.
2. Others may use technical knowledge against us.
3. Computer viruses will pose an increasingly critical threat.
4. The real threat, however, is the fear that people will have of new technologies. Clear evidence of this type of fear is found today with respect to human cloning.

Awadhesh Kumar

Jain Software Developers

What is Cloud Computing?

Cloud storage is a cloud computing model in which data is stored on remote servers accessed from the internet, or “cloud.” It is maintained, operated and managed by a cloud storage service provider on a storage server that is built on virtualization techniques.

Benefits of Cloud Storage:
1. Flexibility

• Cloud Computing is a general term used to describe a new class of network-based computing that takes place over the Internet.
• Cloud computing is a synonym for distributed computing over a network and means the ability to run a program on many connected computers at the same time.
• These platforms hide the complexity and details of the underlying infrastructure from users and applications by providing very
• Simple graphical interface or Applications.
• Cloud Computing is the result of evolution and adoption of existing
• Technologies and paradigms.

TYPES OF CLOUD COMPUTING-

1. Public Cloud – Accessed by any subscriber with an internet connection and access to the cloud space.
2. Private Cloud – A private cloud is established for a specific group or organization.?
3. Community Cloud – Shared among two or more organizations that have similar cloud requirements.
4. Hybrid Cloud – A hybrid cloud is essentially a combination of at least two clouds.

CHOOSING A CLOUD PROVIDER-?

1. Software as a Service –A SaaS provider gives subscribers access to both resources and applications. Examples of SaaS include Google Apps, Casengo, TradeCard, Salesforce etc.
2. Platform as a Service -A PaaS provider gives subscribers access to the components. Examples of PaaS include Cloud Foundry, Force.com, Engine Yard, Mendix, and Google App Engine etc.
3. Infrastructure as a Service?It deals with primarily with computational infrastructure. Examples of IaaS include Google Compute Engine, HP Cloud, and ReadySpace etc.

ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING:?

• Lower computer costs:

You do not need a high-powered and high-priced computer to run cloud computing’s web-based applications.

• Improved performance:

With few large programs hogging your computer’s memory, you will see better performance from your PC.

• Reduced software costs:

Instead of purchasing expensive software applications, you can get most of what you need most cloud computing applications today, such as the Google Docs suite.

DISADVANTAGES:

• Requires a constant Internet connection
• Does not work well with low-speed connections
• Stored data might not be secure
• Stored data can be lost

Awadhesh Kumar

Jain Software Developers